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Reading Test 1

Section 1

Andrea Palladio: Italian architect

A new exhibition celebrates Palladio’s architecture 500years on

1. Vicenza is a pleasant, prosperous city in the Veneto, 60km west of Its grand families settled and farmed the area from the 16th century. But its principal claim to fame is Andrea Palladio, who is such an influential architect that a neoclassical  style  is  known  as  Palladian.  The  city   is   a   permanent exhibition of some of his finest buildings, and as he was born—     in Padua, to be precise—500 years ago, the International Centre for the Study of Palladio's Architecture  has   an   excellent   excuse   for   mounting   la  grande mostra, the big show.

1. The exhibition has the special advantage of being held in one of Palladio's buildings, Palazzo Barbaran da Its bold facade is a mixture of rustication and decoration set between two rows of elegant columns. On the second floor the pediments are alternately curved or pointed, a Palladian trademark. The harmonious proportions of the atrium at the entrance lead through to a dramatic interior of fine fireplaces and painted ceilings. Palladio's design is simple, clear and not over-crowded. The show has been organised on the same principles, according to Howard Burns, the architectural historian who co-curated it.

1. Palladio's father was a miller who settled in

Vicenza, where the young Andrea was apprenticed to a skilled stonemason. How did a humble miller's son become a world renowned architect? The answer in the exhibition is that, as a young man, Palladio excelled at carving decorative stonework on columns, doorways and fireplaces. He was plainly intelligent, and lucky enough to come across a rich patron, Gian Giorgio Trissino, a landowner and scholar, who organised his education, taking him to Rome in the 1540s, where  he  studied  the  masterpieces  of  classical   Roman   and   Greek architecture and the work of other influential architects of the time, such as Donato Bramante and Raphael.

1. Burns argues that  social  mobility  was  also     Entrepreneurs, prosperous from agriculture in the Veneto, commissioned the promising local architect to design their country villas and their urban mansions. In Venice the aristocracy were anxious to co-opt talented artists, and Palladio was given the chance to design the buildings that have made him famous— the churches of San Giorgio Maggiore and the Redentore, both easy to admire because they can be seen from the city's historical centre across a stretch of water.
2. He tried his hand at bridges—his unbuilt version of the Rialto Bridge was decorated with the large pediment and columns of a temple —and, after a fire at the Ducal Palace, he offered  an  alternative  design  which  bears  an  uncanny resemblance to the Banqueting House in Whitehall in Since it was designed by Inigo Jones, Palladio's first foreign disciple, this is not as surprising as it sounds.
3. Jones, who visited  Italy  in  1614,  bought  a  trunk  full   of   the   master's architectural drawings; they passed through the hands of the Dukes of Burlington and  Devonshire  before  settling  at  the  Royal  Institute  of  British Architects in Many are now on display at Palazzo Barbaran. What they show is how Palladio drew on the buildings of ancient Rome as models. The major theme of both his rural and urban building  was  temple architecture, with  a  strong  pointed   pediment   supported   by   columns   and approached by wide steps.
4. Palladio's work for rich landowners alienates unreconstructed critics on the Italian left, but among the papers in the show are designs for cheap housing in In the wider world, Palladio's reputation has been nurtured by a text he wrote and illustrated, "Quattro Libri dell' Architettura". His influence spread to St Petersburg and to Charlottesville in Virginia, where Thomas Jefferson commissioned a Palladian villa he called Monticello.

1. Vicenza's show contains detailed models of the major buildings and is leavened by portraits of Palladio's teachers and clients by Titian, Veronese and Tintoretto; the paintings of his Venetian buildings are all by Canaletto, no less. This is an uncompromising exhibition; many of the drawings are small and faint, and there are no sideshows for children, but the impact of harmonious lines and satisfying proportions is to impart in a viewer a feeling of benevolent calm. Palladio is history's most therapeutic
2. "Palladio, 500 Anni: La Grande Mostra" is at Palazzo Barbaran da Porto, Vicenza, until January 6th The exhibition continues at the Royal Academy of Arts, London, from January 31st to April 13th, and travels afterwards to Barcelona and Madrid.

Questions 1-7

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-7on your answer sheet write

True	if the statement agree with the information
False	if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN	If there is no information on this

• The building where the exhibition is staged has been newly renovated
• Palazzo Barbaran da Porto typically represent the Palladio’s design
• Palladio’s father worked as an
• Palladio’s family refused to pay for his architectural studies
• Palladio’s alternative design for the Ducal Palace in Venice was based on an English
• Palladio designed both wealthy and poor people
• The exhibition includes paintings of people by famous artists

Questions 8-13

Answer the questions below

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet

• What job was Palladio training for before he became an architect?

• Who arranged Palladio's architectural studies?
• Who was the first non-Italian architect influenced by Palladio?
• What type of Ancient Roman buildings most heavily influenced Palladio's work?
• What did Palladio write that strengthened his reputation?
• In the   writer's   opinion,   what   feeling    will    visitors   to   the exhibition experience?

Section 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 -26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

The future never dies?

   The prospects for humanity and for the world as a whole are somewhere between glorious and dire. It is hard to be much more precise.

1. By ‘glorious’ I mean that our descendants - all who are born on to this Earth - could live very comfortably and securely, and could continue to do so for as long as the Earth can support life, which should be for a very long time indeed. We should at least be thinking in terms of the next million years. Furthermore, our descendants could continue to enjoy the company of other species - establishing a much better relationship with them than we have Other animals need not live in constant fear of us. Many of those fellow species now seem bound to become extinct, but a significant proportion could and should continue to live alongside US. Such a future may seem ideal, and so it is. Yet I do not believe it is fanciful. There is nothing in the physical fabric of the Earth or in our own biology to suggest that this is not possible.
2. ‘Dire’ means that we human beings could be in deep trouble within the next few centuries, living but also dying in large numbers in political terror and from starvation, while huge numbers of our fellow creatures would simply disappear, leaving only the ones that we find convenient - chickens, cattle - or that we can't

shake off, like flies and mice. I'm taking it to be self-evident that glory is preferable.

1. Our future is not entirely in our own hands because the Earth has its own rules, is part of the solar system and is neither stable nor innately safe. Other planets in the solar system are quite beyond habitation, because their temperature is far too high or too low to be endured, and ours, too, in principle could tip either way. Even relatively unspectacular changes in the atmosphere could do the trick. The core of the Earth is hot, which in many ways is good for living creatures, but every now and again, the molten rock bursts through volcanoes on the surface. Among the biggest volcanic eruptions in recent memory was Mount St Helens, in the USA, which threw out a cubic kilometre of ash - fortunately in an area where very few people live. In 1815, Tambora (in present-day Indonesia) expelled so much ash into the upper atmosphere that climatic effects seriously harmed food production around the world for season after season. Entire civilisations have been destroyed by volcanoes.
2. Yet nothing we have so far experienced shows what volcanoes can really do. Yellowstone National Park in the USA occupies the caldera (the crater formed when a volcano collapses) of an exceedingly ancient volcano of extraordinary magnitude. Modem surveys show that its centre is now rising. Sometime in the next 200 million years, Yellowstone could erupt again, and when it does, the whole world will be Yellowstone could erupt tomorrow. But there's a very good chance that it will give US another million years, and that surely is enough to be going on with. It seems sensible to assume that this will be the case.

1. The universe at large is dangerous, too: in particular, we share the sky with vast numbers of asteroids, and every now and again, they come into our planet's atmosphere. An asteroid the size of a small island, hitting the Earth at 15,000 kilometres an hour (a relatively modest speed by the standards of heavenly bodies), would strike the ocean bed like a rock in a puddle, send a tidal wave around the world as high as a small mountain and as fast as a jumbo jet, and propel us into an ice age that could last for centuries. There are plans to head off such disasters (including rockets to push approaching asteroids into new trajectories), but in truth it's down to
2. On the other hand, the archaeological and the fossil evidence shows that no truly devastating asteroid has struck since the one that seems to have accounted for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years So again, there seems no immediate reason for despair. The Earth is indeed an uncertain place, in an uncertain universe, but with average luck, it should do us well enough. If the world does become inhospitable in the next few thousand or million years, then it will probably be our own fault. In short, despite the underlying uncertainty, our own future and that of our fellow creatures is very much in our own hands.
3. Given average luck on the geological and the cosmic scale, the difference between glory and disaster will be made, and is being made, by Certain kinds of political systems and strategies would predispose US to long-term survival (and indeed to comfort and security and the pleasure of being alive), while others would take us more and more frenetically towards collapse. The broad point is, though, that we need to look at ourselves - humanity - and at the world in general in a quite new light. Our material problems are fundamentally those of biology.  We  need  to  think,  and  we  need  our  politicians  to  think, biologically. Do that, and take the ideas seriously,  and we are in with     a chance. Ignore biology and we and our fellow creatures haven't a hope.

Questions 14-19

Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage

2? In boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet write

YES	if the statement is true
NO	if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN	if the formation is not given to the passage

• It seems predictable that some species will
• The nature of the Earth and human biology make it impossible for human beings to survive another million years,
• An eruption by Yellowstone is likely to be more destructive than previous volcanic
• There 18 a greater chance of the Earth being hit by small asteroids than by large
• If the world becomes uninhabitable, It is most likely to be as a result of a natural
• Politicians currently in power seem  unlikely  to  change  their  way  of

Questions 20-25

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 20-25 cm your answer sheet

The Earth could become uninhabitable, like other planets, through a major change in the 20 .....................Volcanic eruptions of 21..................... can lead to shortages of 22         in a wide area.

An asteroid hitting the Earth could create a 23.....................that would result in a new     24....................Plans     are     being     made     to use    25............................ to

deflect    asteroids   heading    for    the    Earth.

Question 26

Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D.

Write your answer in box 26 on your answer sheet

What is the writer’s purpose in Reading Passage 2?

1. to propose a new theory about the causes of natural disasters
2. to prove that generally held beliefs about the future are all mistaken
3. to present a range of opinions currently held by scientists
4. to argue the need for a general change in behavior

Section 3

Pottery production in ancient Akrotiri

1. Excavations at the site of prehistoric Akrotiri, on the coast of the Aegean Sea, have revealed much about the technical aspects of pottery manufacture, indisputably one of the basic industries of this Greek However, considerably less is known about the socio-economic context and the way production was organised.
2. The bulk of pottery found at Akrotiri is locally made, and dates from the late fifteenth century BC. It clearly fulfilled a vast range of the settlement’s requirements: more than fifty different types of pots can be distinguished. The pottery found includes a wide variety of functional types like storage jars, smaller containers, pouring vessels, cooking pots, drinking vessels and so on, which all relate to specific activities and which would have been made and distributed with those activities in mind. Given the large number of shapes produced and the relatively high degree of standardisation, it has generally been assumed that most, if not all, of Akrotiri pottery was produced by specialised craftsmen in a non-domestic context. Unfortunately neither the potters’ workshops nor kilns have been found within the excavated The reason may be that the ceramic workshops were located on the periphery of the site, which has not yet been excavated. In any event, the ubiquity of the pottery, and the consistent repetition of the same types in different sizes, suggest production on an industrial scale.
3. The Akrotirian potters seem to have responded to pressures beyond their households, namely to the increasing complexity of

regional distribution and exchange systems. We can imagine them as full-time craftsmen working permanently in a high production-rate craft such as pottery manufacture, and supporting themselves entirely from the proceeds of then craft. In view of the above, one can begin to speak in terms of mass-produced pottery and the existence of organised workshops of craftsmen during the period 1550— 1500 BC. Yet, how pottery production was organised at Akrotiri remains an open question, as there is no real documentary evidence. Our entire knowledge comes from the ceramic material itself, and the tentative conclusions which can be drawn from it.

1. The invention of units of quantity and of a numerical system to count them was of capital importance for an exchange-geared society such as that of Akrotiri. In spite of the absence of any written records, the archaeological evidence reveals that concepts of measurements, both of weight and number, had been Standard measures may already have been in operation, such as those evidenced by a graduated series of lead weights— made in disc form— found at the site. The existence of units of capacity in Late Bronze Age times is also evidenced, by the notation of units of a liquid measure for wine on excavated containers.
2. It must be recognised that the function of pottery vessels plays a very important role in determining then The intended function affects the choice of clay, the production technique, and the shape and the size of the pots. For example, large storage jars (pithoi) would be needed to store commodities, whereas smaller containers would be used for transport. In fact, the length of a man’s arm limits the size of a smaller pot to a capacity of about twenty lines; that is also the maximum a man can comfortably carry.
3. The various sizes of container would thus represent standard quantities of a commodity, which is  a  fundamental  element  in   the   function   of exchange. Akrotirian merchants handling a commodity such as wine would have been able to determine easily the amount of wine they were transporting fiom the number of containers they carried in then ships, since the capacity of each container was known to be 14-18 litres. (We could draw a parallel here with the current practice in Greece of selling oil in 17 kilogram )
4. We may therefore assume that the shape, capacity, and, sometimes decoration of vessels are indicative of the commodity contained by them. Since individual transactions would normally involve different quantities of a given commodity, a range of ‘standardised’ types of vessel would be needed to meet traders’

1. In trying to reconstruct systems of capacity by measuring the volume of excavated pottery, a rather generous range of tolerances must be allowed. It seems possible that the potters of that time had specific sizes of vessel in mind, and tried to reproduce them using a specific type and amount of However, it would be quite difficult for them to achieve the exact size required every time, without any mechanical means of regulating symmetry and wall thickness, and some potters would be more skilled than others. In addition, variations in the repetition of types and size may also occur because of unforeseen circumstances during the throwing process. For instance, instead of destroying the entire pot if the clay in the rim contained a piece of grit, a potter might produce a smaller pot by simply cutting off the rim. Even where there is no noticeable external difference between pots meant to contain the same quantity of a commodity, differences in their capacity can actually reach one or two litres. In one case the deviation from the required size appears to be as much as 10-20 percent.
2. The establishment of regular trade routes within the Aegean led to increased movement of goods; consequently a regular exchange of local, luxury and surplus goods, including metals, would have become feasible as a result of the advances in transport The increased demand for standardised exchanges, inextricably linked to commercial transactions, might have been one of the main factors which led to the standardisation of pottery production. Thus, the whole network of ceramic production and exchange would have depended on specific regional economic conditions, and would reflect the socio-economic structure of prehistoric Akrotiri.

Questions 27-28

Choose the correct letter, A, B. c or D.

27.  What does die writer say about items of pottery excavated at Akrotiri?

1. There was very little
2. They would have met a big variety of
3. Most of them had been imported from other
4. The intended purpose of each piece was

28.   The assumption that pottery from Akrotiri was produced by specialists is partly ' based on

1. The discovery of
2. The central location of
3. The sophistication of decorative

1. The wide range of shapes

Questions 29-32

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below. Write the correct letter, A-F.

• The assumption that standard units of weight were in use could be based on
• Evidence of the use of standard units of volume is provided by
• The size of certain types of containers would have been restricted by
• Attempts to identify the intended capacity of containers are complicated by

1. The discovery of a collection of metal
2. The size and type of the sailing ships in
3. Variations in the exact shape and thickness of similar
4. The physical characteristics of
5. Marks found on wine
6. The variety of commodities for which they would have been

Questions 33-38

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? Write

YES    if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO         if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN    if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

33. There are plans to excavate new areas of the archaeological site in the near future.
34. Some of the evidence concerning pottery production in ancient Akrotiri comes from written
35. Pots for transporting liquids would have held no more than about 20
36. It would have been hard for merchants to calculate how much wine was on their
37. The capacity of containers intended to hold the same amounts differed by up to 20
38. Regular trading of goods around the Aegean would have led to the general

standardisation of quantities.

Question 39-40

Choose the correct letter, A. B, C or D

39.  What does the writer say about the standardisation of container sizes?

1. Containers which looked the same from the outside often varied in
2. The instruments used to control container size were
3. The unsystematic use of different types of clay resulted in size
4. Potters usually discarded containers which were of a non-standard

40.  What is probably the main purpose of Reading Passage 3?

1. To evaluate the quality of pottery containers found in prehistoric
2. To suggest how features of pottery production at Akrotiri reflected other developments in the
3. To outline the development of pottery-making skills in ancient
4. To describe methods for storing and transporting household goods in prehistoric

Answer Keys

Reading Test 1

Section 1

1	NOT GIVEN	2	TURE	3	FALSE
4	NOT GIVEN	5	FALSE	6	TRUE
7	TRUE	8	Stonemason	9	Gian Giorgio Trissino
10	Inigo Jones	11	Temple	12	Quattro Libri dell' Architettura
13	Benevolent calm

Section 2

14	Yes	15	No	16	Yes
17	Not given	18	No	19	Not Given
20	Temperature	21	(molten) rock/ash	22	Food
23	Tidal wave	24	Ice age	25	Rockets
26	D

Section 3

27	B	28	D	29	A
30	E	31	D	32	C
33	NOT GIVEN	34	NO	35	YES
36	NO	37	YES	38	YES
39	A	40	B

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An older unmarried woman-
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Sleep enjoyed in the afternoon-

-nap
-siesta
The right answer is siesta

Language which is confused and unintelligible
Jargon
Vocabulary
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The one who has no money.
Pauper
Beggar
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A man whose wife is dead
Widow
Widower
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A place where dead bodies are kept
Cemetery
Mortuary
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Detectives
Police
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The government runs by the dictator.
Autocracy
Democracy
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One who prepares plans for buildings
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A great lover of books
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A place where fishes are kept
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One who tests eyesight and sells spectacles
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The science of animal life
Biology
Zoology
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Stable
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Art and science dealing with language
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A grass eating animal
Carnivorous
Herbivorous
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Things of different nature
Homogenous
Heterogeneous
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The point where the earth and sky seem to meet.
Horizon
Quarter
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Host
Hospitable

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A serpent with many heads- hydra

One who pretends to be what he is not- hypocrite

Worship of idols- idolatry

A handwriting that cannot be read- illegible

A sound that cannot be heard
Audile
Inaudible

The right answer is inaudible

Incapable of being burnt
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Something that cannot be believed- incredible

Something that cannot be cured- incurable

Something that cannot be avoided- inevitable

Something that cannot be explained- explicable

The act of killing an infant
Infanticide
Homicide
The right answer is infanticide

Not limited by person or number
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Finite
The right answer is infinite

Something that is quickly and easily set on fire and burned
Flammable
Inflammable
The right answer is inflammable

That cannot be satisfies- insatiable

That kills insects
Insecticide
Pesticide
The right answer is insecticide

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Indebt
Insolvent
The right answer is insolvent

Something that is not applicable
Irrelevant

A one who travels from place to place- itinerant

Anything which is related to youth and young – juvenile

An animal of Australia with great leaping power- kangaroo

One who know many languages
Linguist
Bilingual
The right answer is linguist

The eclipse of moon
Solar
Lunar
The right answer is lunar
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– Reptiles
– Mammals
The right answer is mammals
Handwritten book- manuscript

A person who die for his country-
Martyr
Soldier
The right answer is martyr

One for whom the money is the most important thing
Materialistic

A cinema show which is held in the afternoons- matinee

Morning prayer in church-matinee

Belonging to the middle ages- medieval

Very particular about very small details- meticulous

Someone who moves from one place to another
Migratory
Immigrant
The right answer is migratory
A person who does not believe in the institution of marriages
Bachelor
Misogamist
The right answer is misogamist
A person who hates woman
Misogamist
Misogynist
The right answer misogynist

A government by a king or a queen
Monarchy
Mobocracy
The right answer is monarchy

The practice of having one wife or husband
-polygamy
-monogamy
- the right answer is monogamy

Medicine which induces sleep 
Narcotic

One who is a new comer- neophyte

Person publically authorized to draw up or attest contracts etc- notary

One who is new to a trade or profession- novice

Article of food rich in nutrition. - nutritive

Having a lot of fat in one’s body - obesity

A notice of death in a newspaper- obituary

Visit inks formore details

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